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Anatomical and physiological sketch kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space at the level of XI thoracic - III lumbar vertebrae. The right kidney is more mobile and is located just below the left kidney with bobovydnuyu form. The mass of each kidney is normal is 120-200 g, length 10-12 cm, width - 5.6 cm, thickness topman uk - 3.4 cm Each kidney is composed of external (cortical) and internal (cerebral) layers; medulla presented the pyramids, the bases of which are turned toward the crust, and top opening in the renal pelvis. The blood supply of the kidney provides renal artery departing from the abdominal aorta and razdelyayuschyesya goal in each kidney into two main arteries - front and back. The outflow of blood from each kidney occurs in renal vein, which empties into the inferior vena cava.
The basic structural topman uk and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which consists of several departments that perform different functions. Nephron includes renal glomerulus capillary loops located between income and efferent arterioles enclosed in a capsule Shymlanskaya - Bowman, proximal tubule; loop of Henle; distal tubule, which empties into the collecting tube. Last completes the system of tubules and morphologically no longer refers topman uk to the nephron. Between income and efferent glomerular arterioles located juxtaglomerular complex, including cells that secrete renin - an enzyme subclass proteinase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin. Each kidney topman uk contains nephrons 1-1.2 million, of which approximately 85% is kortikalnymi, while 15% are located on the border of the medulla topman uk of the kidney. Recently, yukstamedullyarnye nephrons, are directly involved in the process of osmotic concentration of urine.
The most important topman uk physiological role of the kidney - homeostatic: kidney involved in maintaining the sustainability of concentration of osmotically topman uk active substances in plasma and interstitial fluid (Osmoregulation), their volume (volyumorehulyatsiya), electrolyte and acid-base balance, ekskretuyut products of nitrogen metabolism, are involved in the metabolic processes of proteins carbohydrates, lipids, and in the transformation of the body's excretion of toxic substances in the regulation topman uk of systemic hemodynamics. topman uk Most of these functions are provided by the kidneys process urine formation: glomerular filtration rate (ultrafy

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